Exploring the Link between Adolescent Mental Wellbeing and Non-Communicable Disease Risk: Evidence from a Cross-sectional Study Using Objective Indicators in Indonesia

Although adolescence marks the onset of many risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs)—including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, chronic respiratory conditions, and mental disorders—these are often only considered in relation to adult health. There is limited insight into how various NCD risk factors co-occur and how they may influence mental wellbeing during adolescence. This study investigates how common these risks are, how they cluster, and how they are connected to menta