A cross-sectional study in type 2 diabetes patients reveals that elevated pulse wave velocity predicts asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease associated with age and diabetes duration

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  Fig. 1. Older age and long-term diabetes are associated with higher pulse wave velocity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured with a peripheral artery disease (PAD) screening tool in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (a,b) PAD screening results are shown as n (%) in participant subgroups. Subgroup definition is as follows: (a) normal (1.00–1.39), borderline (0.90–0.99) and abnormally low (<0.90) ABI, and (b) normal (<10.0 m/s) or abnormally high (≥10.0 m/s) carotid-femoral PWV (cfPWV). Abnormally high (≥1.40) ABI was not detected in any participant. (c-e) ABI and PWV values were compared between participants of up to 65 years of age (n = 35) or above (n = 56). (f,g) Spearman correlation analysis and linear regression model were used to determine the nature of the association between pulse-wave velocity and age in all participants (n = 91). (h-j) ABI and PWV values were compared between male (n = 45) and female (n = 46) participants. (k-m) ABI and PWV values were compared between participants with diabetes duration of up to 5 years (n = 34), between 5 and 10 years (n = 27) and longer than 10…

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  Fig. 2. Prior major adverse cardiovascular events and albuminuria are associated with a lower ankle-brachial index. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were measured with a peripheral artery disease (PAD) screening tool in asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (a-f) ABI and PWV values were compared between participants according to the presence of diabetic nephropathy. (a-c) Based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), participants were classified into three grades (n = 30, n = 50 and n = 11, respectively). (d-f) Based on the albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), participants were classified into two grades (n = 71 vs. n = 20). (g-l) ABI and PWV values were compared between participants according to the presence of (g-i) diabetic neuropathy (n = 58 vs. n = 33), and (j-l) prior major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE, n = 71 vs. n = 20). (m-o) ABI and PWV values were compared between participants based on the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (n = 35 vs. n = 56), and (p-r) hepatic steatosis index (n = 14 vs. n = 77). Data are shown as individual values, mean and standard error of mean. Statistical significance at two-tailed…