Trauma of the War 2022: PTSD and CPTSD Assessment Among the Population of Ukraine and Neighboring Countries

The Russo-Ukrainian war, ongoing since 2014 and escalating into a full-scale invasion in 2022, has significantly impacted the mental health of the population in Ukraine and beyond. Numerous studies reveal high levels of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) among Ukrainians directly exposed to the hostilities. These disorders are associated with prolonged stress caused by the loss of loved ones, destruction of infrastructure, economic instability, and constant threats to life. In neighboring countries such as Poland and Romania, elevated levels of anxiety and depression have been identified due to the influx of refugees, fears of conflict escalation, and socio-economic challenges. Even in distant countries, including Taiwan, Oman, and Ecuador, psychological consequences were observed due to media pressure and the global economic ramifications of the war. Gender differences are also significant: women were more likely to exhibit symptoms of PTSD and CPTSD, explained by both biological factors and sociocultural roles in crisis situations. A critical risk factor was the informational impact, particularly the frequent consumption of news about the war, which correlated with heightened levels of anxiety and stress. The findings underscore the importance of developing adaptive psychological support programs for various population groups. Such programs should account for cultural characteristics, ensure access to professional assistance, and promote resilience. These measures can help mitigate the consequences of war for both directly affected individuals and those experiencing its indirect effects.