Key result
Female sex is associated with longer survival after a heart failure diagnosis but a higher likelihood of exhibiting clinical heart failure after myocardial infarction compared with male sex.
Why the study?
Are there gender-related differences in the incidence, prognosis, and myocardial adaptation in heart failure?
Are there gender-related differences in the incidence, prognosis, and myocardial adaptation in heart failure?
This review highlights significant gender-related differences in heart failure incidence, prognosis, and pathophysiology, emphasizing the need for sex-specific investigations and therapies.
May inform sex-specific prognostic discussions in HF; leaves open need for targeted trials on therapies.
Observational and other studies suggest gender-related differences in the incidence and prognosis of heart failure. Women appear to live longer after the diagnosis of heart failure when compared with men. After myocardial infarction, women seem more likely than men to exhibit clinical heart failure. Diabetes appears to promote heart failure to a greater extent in women than in men. Review of data from clinical and epidemiologic studies suggests that men and women may differ in their myocardial adaptation to a variety of cardiac insults. Future investigation is necessary to better define gender-related differences and possible sex-specific therapies for those diseases resulting in heart failure.
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Kimmelstiel et al. (2008) conducted a review in Heart failure. Female sex is associated with longer survival after a heart failure diagnosis but a higher likelihood of exhibiting clinical heart failure after myocardial infarction compared with male sex.
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