Patients with melancholic major depressive disorder displayed a significantly increased resting heart rate by 7.85 beats per minute and lower heart rate variability compared to healthy controls.
Case-Control (n=166)
Yes
Does major depressive disorder with melancholia alter resting-state heart rate and heart rate variability compared to non-melancholic depression and healthy controls?
Melancholic depression is associated with robust increases in resting heart rate and decreases in heart rate variability, suggesting a specific autonomic dysregulation vulnerability in this MDD subtype.
Effect estimate: Cohen's d 0.58
Absolute Event Rate: 78.48% vs 70.63%
p-value: p=0.004
BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with increased heart rate and reductions in its variability (heart rate variability, HRV) - markers of future morbidity and mortality - yet prior studies have reported contradictory effects. We hypothesized that increases in heart rate and reductions in HRV would be more robust in melancholia relative to controls, than in patients with non-melancholia. METHODS: A total of 72 patients with a primary diagnosis of MDD (age M: 36.26, SE: 1.34; 42 females) and 94 controls (age M: 35.69, SE: 1.16; 52 females) were included in this study. Heart rate and measures of its variability (HRV) were calculated from two 2-min electrocardiogram recordings during resting state. Propensity score matching controlled imbalance on potential confounds between patients with melancholia (n = 40) and non-melancholia (n = 32) including age, gender, disorder severity, and comorbid anxiety disorders. RESULTS: MDD patients with melancholia displayed significantly increased heart rate and lower resting-state HRV (including the square root of the mean squared differences between successive N-N intervals, the absolute power of high frequency and standard deviation of the Poincaré plot perpendicular to the line of identity measures of HRV) relative to controls, findings associated with a moderate effect size (Cohens d's = 0.56-0.58). Patients with melancholia also displayed an increased heart rate relative to those with non-melancholia (Cohen's d = 0.20). CONCLUSION: MDD patients with melancholia - but not non-melancholia - display robust increases in heart rate and decreases in HRV. These findings may underpin a variety of behavioral impairments in patients with melancholia including somatic symptoms, cognitive impairment, reduced responsiveness to the environment, and over the longer-term, morbidity and mortality.
Kemp et al. (2014) conducted a case-control in Major depressive disorder (n=166). Melancholic depression vs. Healthy controls and non-melancholic depression was evaluated on Resting state heart rate (Cohen's d 0.58, p=0.004). Patients with melancholic major depressive disorder displayed a significantly increased resting heart rate by 7.85 beats per minute and lower heart rate variability compared to healthy controls.