An analysis of phase-plane switching loci was used to infer the human operator's internal model of a dynamic system he was attempting to control. Striking differences were found between the internal model and the actual dynamic system, and the internal model exhibited orderly changes with practice. The difficulties involved in incorporating a non-veridical internal model into optimal control models of the human operator are discussed.
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Jagacinski et al. (1978) studied this question.
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