(Abstracted from Br J Anaesth, 111:52–58, 2013) Research on sex, gender, and pain has expanded in recent years and now includes investigations on the mechanisms of sex differences in pain, differences in pain perception and endogenous pain modulation, pain prevalence, and responses to pain treatments. This literature review was performed to examine sex-related differences in clinical and experimental pain, the biopsychosocial mechanisms in these differences, and treatment of pain along with clinical implications and future directions.
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Bartley et al. (2016) studied this question.