Key result
Advanced HF represents a multiorgan syndrome driven by neurohormonal activation, inflammation, remodeling, and iron deficiency.
Why the study?
Understanding of heart failure has evolved from a simple hemodynamic problem to a complex multiorgan dysfunction accompanied by inadequate energy handling, warranting a discussion of key clinical aspects of advanced HF pathophysiology.
This review summarizes the complex pathophysiology of advanced heart failure, highlighting neurohormonal activation, inflammation, multiorgan dysfunction, and iron deficiency.
Highlights multiorgan drivers in advanced HF for holistic assessment; leaves open targeted trials on inflammation and iron deficiency.
Understanding of heart failure (HF) has evolved from a simple hemodynamic problem through a neurohormonally and proinflammatory-driven syndrome to a complex multiorgan dysfunction accompanied by inadequate energy handling. This article discusses the most important clinical aspects of advanced HF pathophysiology. It presents the concept of neurohormonal activation and its deleterious effect on cardiovascular system and reflex control. The current theories regarding the role of inflammation, cytokine activation, and myocardial remodeling in HF progression are presented. Advanced HF is a multiorgan syndrome with interplay between cardiovascular system and other organs. The role of iron deficiency is also discussed.
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Biegus et al. (2021) conducted a review in Advanced Heart Failure. Advanced heart failure is a complex multiorgan syndrome driven by neurohormonal activation, inflammation, myocardial remodeling, and iron deficiency.
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