Resilient Microgrid Frequency Control Under Cyber Threats With Experimental Validation Using MIWO-FOPID Controller

The increasing reliance on communication networks in modern microgrid (MG) architectures has made them highly susceptible to cyber threats, particularly time-delay attacks, which compromise frequency stability and degrade system performance. Additionally, the variability in Energy Storage System (ESS) status introduces further complexities in microgrid control. This paper proposes an advanced Modified Improved Whale Optimization algorithm based Fractional Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative (MIWO-FOPID) controller for robust secondary frequency regulation in an islanded microgrid. The proposed approach effectively mitigates the impact of cyber-induced time-delay attacks, random attacks and malware attacks while dynamically adapting to variations in ESS operation. The performance of the MIWO-FOPID controller is evaluated against conventional Fractional Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative (FOPID) controller, Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) based FOPID (GWO-FOPID) controller and modified Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategies. Extensive MATLAB/Simulink-based simulations and real-time validation using OPAL-RT Lab OP-4510 demonstrate superior frequency regulation, rapid convergence, and enhanced resilience against cyber threats. The results confirm the efficacy of the proposed controller in maintaining microgrid stability under uncertain conditions, making it a promising solution for resilient and intelligent microgrid management.