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August 29, 2025Journal of Cloud Computing Advances Systems and ApplicationsOpen Access

Energy-efficient adaptive routing in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks via hybrid PSO and dynamic clustering

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Authors

YZYang ZhangLYLing YangTYTan Yan

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Overview

Experimental study demonstrates reduced energy consumption and extended network lifespan in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks, highlighting viable dynamic routing for edge computing devices.

Key Points

  • Develop an energy-efficient, deterministic routing framework for static heterogeneous wireless sensor networks to mitigate energy imbalance and scalability bottlenecks.
  • Engineered an Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) algorithm using cosine-modulated inertia weights and dynamic learning factors to balance exploration and exploitation.
  • Designed a hybrid single-hop and multi-hop routing protocol driven by real-time energy gradients, node density distributions, and node-specific residual energy.
  • Assessed protocol performance against LEACH baseline protocols and validated edge compatibility using a Raspberry Pi 4B hardware testbed.
  • Reduced per-round energy consumption by 32.7% compared to the baseline LEACH protocol.
  • Extended network lifespan by 28% using the first-node-death metric and decreased cross-node energy variance by 63%.

Cite This Study

Zhang et al. (2025) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a165d66fdc87ecfc07bfcd2https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-025-00768-3
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