A Review of Space Energy Supply Technologies for Human Space Exploration Activities

Space energy supply is critical for human space exploration, serving as the foundation to support long-term space missions and future permanent settlement beyond Earth. To date, humanity has developed a variety of technologies for space energy supply. However, due to the constraints of the space environment and the diversity of energy sources, the energy supply technologies adopted by space exploration missions mainly depend on the feasibility of energy acquisition. This review presents a systematic review of the technical principles, power supply devices, and practical applications of space energy supply systems. First, this review summarizes the technologies for space-based solar power generation and energy storage, as well as strategies for improving the efficiency of solar power generation in space. Next, an overview of dynamic power generation technologies and static power systems for space thermal energy is investigated, along with a performance evaluation comparing these two types of systems. Subsequently, the work reviews space nuclear power systems based on thermoelectric generation technology, discusses recent advancements in nuclear fusion research, and analyzes the feasibility of utilizing helium-3 (3He) fusion technology on the Moon. Finally, to address the challenges associated with the storage and transportation of space energy, the review also introduces the applications of battery and fuel cell technologies in space. This review also discusses the technical challenges faced by space energy supply systems and explores future development prospects, aiming to provide a reference for the comprehensive development and utilization of space energy in the future.