Sex-specific longitudinal changes in resting heart rate and all-cause heart failure: insights from the HUNT study

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. Flow of the participants included in the study. HUNT = The Trøndelag health study, RHR = resting heart rate, HF = heart failure, aRHR set as missing if the participant was pregnant during clinical measurement, bIncidence HF from hospital journals, the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry, or self-reported HF at baseline HUNT3.

• 

  Figure 2. Resting heart rate trajectories in women (A) and men (B), the Trøndelag health study, 1995–2019. Sex-specific means of resting heart rate (beats per minute) presented according to three HUNT surveys and three resting heart rate trajectory groups. Latent class models determined resting heart rate trajectory groups (Stata 18 traj).

• 

  Figure 3. Restricted cubic splines displaying the association between resting heart rate and the risk of incidence of all-cause heart failure for women (A) and men (B). Sex-specific hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals presented according to change in resting heart rate (beats per minute) from baseline to follow-up. Restricted cubic splines with five knots were used to model the non-linear relationship between hazard ratio and change in resting heart rate (Stata 18 mkspline). Adjusted for age, physical activity, body mass index, smoking, hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or use of antihypertensive medication), diabetes (non-fasting serum glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L, HbA1c ≥11.1 mmol/L, or self-reported), education, total cholesterol, atrial fibrillation and time-updated self-reported history of stroke, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction and use of medication that influence heart rate or blood pressure.