Cardiac rehabilitation in patients with cardiovascular disease leads various hemodynamic parameters obtained using simple non-invasive tests to their appropriate levels

Figures

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  Fig. 1. BP (A), HR (B), AVI (C), and API (D) obtained using PASESA® in the non-CR and CR groups. SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic BP; HR, heart rate; AVI, arterial velocity pulse index; API, atrial pressure volume index; bpm, beats per minute; AU, arbitrary units. Black and gray lines indicate the CR and non-CR groups, respectively. **p < 0.01 vs. at baseline.

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  Fig. 2. SBP in the higher (H)-SBP and lower (L)-SBP groups in the CR group (A). AVI in the H-AVI and L-AVI groups in the CR group (B). SBP, systolic blood pressure; AVI, arterial velocity pulse index; AU, arbitrary units. Dotted black and gray lines indicate the H and L groups in the CR group, respectively.**p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 vs. at baseline.

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  Fig. 3. A) Mean TPR in the higher (H)-TPR and lower (L)-TPR groups in the CR group. B) SV in the H-SV and L-SV groups in the CR group. C) CI in the H-CI and L-CI groups in the CR group. TPR, SV and CI were obtained using nico® in the CR group. Dotted black and gray lines indicate the H and L groups in the CR group, respectively. TPR, total peripheral resistance index; SV, stroke volume; CI, cardiac index. **p < 0.01 vs. at baseline.

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  Fig. 4. LF (A), HF (B), LF/HF (C) and CVRR (D) obtained using eHEART® in the non-CR and CR groups. LF, low-frequency; HF, high-frequency; LF/HF, the ratio of LF to HF; CVRR, the coefficient of variation of the R-R interval; AU, arbitrary units. Black and gray lines indicate the CR and non-CR groups, respectively. *p < 0.05 vs. at baseline.

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  Fig. 5. CVRR in the higher (H)-CVRR and lower (L)-CVRR groups in the CR group. CVRR, the coefficient of variation of the R-R interval. Dotted black and gray lines indicate the H and L groups in the CR group, respectively. *p < 0.05 vs. at baseline.

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  Fig. 6. Associations between ΔAVI and ΔSBP or ΔTPR and ΔCI in the CR group (Δ = the value after 12 months minus the value at baseline). AU, arbitrary units.