Reactive Hemophagocytic Syndrome: A New Presentation of Disseminated Histoplasmosis in Patients with AIDS

We report the cases of six patients with AIDS in whom reactive hemophagocytic syndrome (RHPS) secondary to disseminated histoplasmosis was diagnosed. RHPS was diagnosed by established criteria, including fever (duration of > or = 7 days, with peak temperatures of > 38.5 degrees C), unexplained thrombocytopenia with anemia and/or neutropenia, and bone marrow biopsy findings of hemophagocytic histiocytosis. Disseminated Histoplasma capsulatum infection was diagnosed on the basis of the results of cultures of the bone marrow sample. The serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level was elevated (> 1,000 IU/L) in all patients, and five of six patients had hyperferritinemia (range of ferritin level, 15,848-425,984 ng/mL). Five patients had features resembling severe sepsis with multiorgan dysfunction. Three patients recovered, and the findings of RHPS resolved following therapy with amphotericin B. In patients with AIDS, the combination of fever, cytopenia, elevated serum LDH level (> 1,000 IU/L), and/or hyperferritinemia (ferritin level of > 10,000 ng/mL) is a clue to the diagnosis of RHPS and disseminated histoplasmosis; bone marrow biopsy is valuable in establishing the diagnosis.