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We dealt with an essential issue-we believe-which is Quality vs. Safety in Shipping. Shipping is not proud for achieving zero defects or accidents, as it should. Efforts in the past-prior to 1998-for the industry to implement ISO 9000 failed and a full investigation is here made whether even the -for us-safety standard ISM Code-after 1998-will succeed. So, we have proposed a Total Safety Management philosophy, and a step further, which is a Safety Culture for ship's Manager (Captain). ISM Code regrettably failed to recognise the actual role of Captain and restricted itself to 'commitment on top'.
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Γουλιέλμος et al. (2008) studied this question.
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