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Qualitative analysis explores national identity formation in Pakistani English textbooks, suggesting cultural implications.
Textbooks have been widely studied as ideological apparatuses that shape and are shaped by social orders. In the present paper we consider the specific nature of this process in Pakistan, in regard to English Language textbooks produced as part of the National Curriculum (SNC) beginning in 2020 under the slogan "one nation, one curriculum" to end the educational disparity in the country. Using multimodal critical discourse analysis, we analyze a sample of textbooks produced by the Punjab textbook board (PTB) to be used in government-run schools across the Punjab province. In this paper we focus on how the textbooks foreground a singular view of Islamic based national identity, backgrounding religious, ethnic and socio-economic diversity. This nationalism is infused with militarism.
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Afzaal et al. (2026) studied this question.
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