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Total quality management (TQM) is not a unique single program, but rather a combination of many linked concepts. While TQM requires a company‐wide approach and support, the application of TQM can vary depending on the level of management and company function involved. This paper offers a three‐dimensional perspective of TQM, including the philosophical, strategic, and measurement dimensions, that together will comprise all essential concepts for TQM. Most management and literature today emphasise only the philosophical dimension of TQM. This paper suggests that all levels of management need to do more than embrace the philosophy of TQM and all three dimensions of TQM must be harmoniously blended and thoroughly considered for TQM to succeed.
Lau et al. (Sun,) studied this question.