Multidimensional Characteristic Analysis of Fire Accidents in Electrochemical Energy Storage Stations and Study on Current Fire Safety Status

In recent years, fire accidents at electrochemical energy storage stations (EESS) have occurred frequently, raising serious concerns about operational safety. However, the characteristics of EESS fire accidents and the current status of fire safety systems have not yet been systematically investigated. Therefore, this study combines statistical analysis and questionnaire survey, systematically identify accident characteristics, clarify causative factors, and assess the current status of fire protection systems. A total of 102 typical global fire incidents (2016–2025) were analyzed across multidimensional analysis, including country, time, battery type, operational phase, and cause. The results indicate that incidents are temporally concentrated, regionally clustered, and most likely to occur during the operation and maintenance phase. Accidents involving ternary lithium-ion batteries remain dominant, while those related to lithium iron phosphate batteries are increasing. Battery faults and system defects are the primary causes, accounting for 21.2% and 54.5%, respectively. Additionally, a field investigation of 18 EESS in China reveals that fire protection systems are typically designed by general contractors based on national standards but often suffer from low investment levels. Approximately 77.8% of the stations use heptafluoropropane as the extinguishing agent, with some located more than 60 minutes away from local fire brigades. Moreover, 22.2% have not filed emergency response plans, and 38.9% lack dedicated or part-time fire rescue teams, exposing weaknesses in emergency response mechanisms.