PERSPECTIVE: Recent advances in sperm cryobiology: nanomaterial - assisted preservation, AI-based quality assessment and cellular protection strategies

Modern biological and medical technologies require low-temperature storage of cells, tissues, and tissue-engineered constructs to facilitate their transfer and to prolong their usability prior to application. Many industries, including biological research, medicine, and agriculture, depends on low-temperature preservation to preserve the integrity and viability of cells, tissues, and organs for long periods of time. Nanotechnology has had an influence on low-temperature preservation in recent years, providing advanced solutions that greatly enhance biological sample storage. Development of metal oxide and inorganic metal nanoparticles (MNPs) has drawn interest in several biotechnological and medicinal domains, including cryopreservation. The integration of MNPs into reproductive biology protocols represents a novel and emerging research area. Although AI has long been used in medicine, the recent rise of deep learning is a major factor in the growth of this field. Sperm morphology categorization has been automated using deep learning frameworks that focused on different sperm cell components. ROS generation is significantly elevated during sperm cryopreservation. Low, medium, and high ROS levels in cells cause apoptosis, auto-phagocytosis, and necrosis, respectively. Antioxidants can be added to semen extenders to reduce the elevated ROS levels during cryopreservation.