Sperm Cryopreservation in the Liquid vs Vapor Phase of Liquid Nitrogen: A Search for the Better Technique

sexually transmitted or inflammatory diseases, for men in military service (premortem and postmortem preservation), and also for male-to-female gender reassignment. 2,3nfertility associated with chemotherapy or surgical trauma is one of the indications for gamete cryopreservation in both males and females.Sperm quality is easily affected by multiple factors including systemic infections, reproductive disorders, and surgical procedures. IntroductIonPreservation of gametes (sperm and egg) and embryos for future use is an integral advancement in the field of Reproductive Biology and Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART).Cryopreservation can be defined as a technique that utilizes cryogenic sub-zero temperatures of -196°C for cell preservation by suspending cellular metabolism for an extended period of time, ensuring maintained cell viability and integrity.Cryopreservation has become an indispensable rescue strategy for animal breeding via artificial insemination and the maintenance of endangered and near-extinction animal species. 1 Spermatozoa were the first mammalian cells to be successfully frozen and thawed, with scientist Lazzaro Spallanzani being the pioneer in 1776.There has been significant advancement in the technique of cryopreservation since its inception, with a major focus in recent times on finding solutions to minimize cryoinduced damage.Numerous couples with impaired gonadal functions now have a better likelihood of becoming parents since the advent of sperm cryopreservation, which has become forefront in infertility treatment.According to the WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen, fertility preservation is indicated for autologous use in men undergoing chemo/radiotherapy treatment for cancer, surgery for vasectomy, varicocele ligation, in cases of viral 1,