Epidemiological Trends in Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Attributable to Modifiable Risk Factors and Its Association with Sociodemographic Transitions across BRICS-Plus Countries

Figures

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  Figure 1. Relative proportion of BRICS-Plus countries to the global burden of cause-specific cardiovascular disease (CVD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), and ischemic stroke (IS) deaths in 2019. Relative proportion (%) = Deaths caused by CVD, IHD, and IS across the BRICS-Plus countries in 2019/Deaths caused by CVD, IHD, and IS across the world in 2019.

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  Figure 2. The temporal trend of cardiovascular disease (CVD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), and ischemic stroke (IS) burden (age-standardized mortality rate) for different gender attributable to dietary risks (A), high body mass index (BMI) (B), and smoking (C) across BRICS-Plus countries from 1990 to 2019.

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  Figure 3. The temporal trend of cardiovascular diseases (CVD)_ASMR (age-standardized mortality rate) for both sexes attributable to dietary risks (A), high body mass index (BMI) (B), and smoking (C) across BRICS-Plus countries from 1990 to 2019, South African Customs Union (SACU), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (China-ASEAN FTA), and Eurasian Economic Union (EEU).

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  Figure 4. Age-period-cohort effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality rate per 100,000 populations across BRICS-Plus regions (A) (i.e., South African Customs Union (SACU), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (China-ASEAN FTA), Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), and Mercosur), age-period-cohort effect on CVD mortality rate per 100,000 populations across SACU-Countries (B), age-period-cohort effect on CVD mortality rate per 100,000 populations across SAARC-Countries (C), age-period-cohort effect on CVD mortality rate per 100,000 populations across China-ASEAN FTA -Countries (D), age-period-cohort effect on CVD mortality rate per 100,000 populations across EEU-Countries (E), age-period-cohort effect on CVD mortality rate per 100,000 populations across Mercosur-Countries (F).

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  Figure 5. Relationship between countries’ socio-demographic index (SDI) and cardiovascular disease (CVD)_ASMR (age-standardized mortality rate) from 1990–2019 across BRICS-Plus regions (A–E), (i.e., South African Customs Union (SACU), South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), China-ASEAN Free Trade Area (China-ASEAN FTA), Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), and Mercosur). Association between SACU-region’ SDI and CVD_ASMR from 1990–2019 (A), association between SAARC-region’ SDI and CVD_ASMR from 1990–2019 (B), association between China-ASEAN FTA-region’ SDI and CVD_ASMR from 1990–2019 (C), association between EEU-region’ SDI and CVD_ASMR from 1990–2019 (D), association between Mercosur-region’ SDI and CVD_ASMR from 1990–2019 (E). Each colored line represents a time trend of the relationship for the specified BRICS-Plus countries. Each point represents a specific year for that country. The black line with 95% confidence band represents the average expected relationship between SDI and ASMR for CVD based on values from all countries from 1990 to 2019. SDI ranges from 0 (less developed) to 1 (most developed).