Anatomical correlation between left atrium pulmonary vein ablation targets of atrial fibrillation and adjacent bronchi and pulmonary arteries by MSCT

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Three dimensional (3D) CT images of the left atrium (LA), pulmonary vein (PV), bronchial tree, pulmonary artery (PA), and branches. a 3D image of the LA, PVs and PAs. b 3D image of the LA, PVs, and bronchi. c, d 3D images of the LA, PVs, PAs and bronchi at different angles of view. LPA, left PA; RPA, right PA; RSPV, right superior PV; RIPV, right inferior PV; LSPV, left superior PV; LIPV, left inferior PV; RMB, right main bronchus; LMB, left main bronchus

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  Fig. 2. Measurement of the left atrium (LA) size and diameters of the pulmonary vein (PV) with multi-slice spiral CT. a, b Maximum diameters of the LA in coronal and sagittal views, respectively. LA1: transverse diameter; LA2: vertical diameter; LA3: anterior and posterior diameter. c Three dimensional images of the LA and four PVs. d Maximum upper and lower diameters of the four PVs measured at the coronary view. RSPV, right superior PV; RIPV, right inferior PV; LSPV, left superior PV; LIPV, left inferior PV

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  Fig. 3. The nine points on the left atrial (LA) roof and the measurements of the shortest spatial distance between the nine points and the pulmonary arteries (PAs). a Three dimensional images of the LA roof and four pulmonary veins (PVs). The LA roof was divided into three layers from front to back. b–d Coronal images of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd layers, respectively. Each layer is divided into three points (a, b, and c) from right to left. e–m Shortest spatial distances between the points of “1a” to “3c” and the adjacent PAs, respectively. LPA, left PA; RPA, right PA; RSPV, right superior PV; RIPV, right inferior PV; LSPV, left superior PV; LIPV, left inferior PV

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  Fig. 4. Measurement of the shortest spatial distance between the pulmonary vein (PV) orifices and the adjacent pulmonary arteries (PAs). a–d Shortest distance from the right superior, left superior, right inferior, and left inferior PV orifices to the adjacent PAs, respectively. LA, left atrium; LPA, left PA; RPA, right PA; RSPV, right superior PV; RIPV, right inferior PV; LSPV, left superior PV; LIPV, left inferior PV

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  Fig. 5. Measurement of the distances from the pulmonary vein (PV) orifices to the contact point between the PV and the pulmonary artery (PA). a–d Distances from the right superior, left superior, right inferior, and left inferior PV orifices to the contact points between the corresponding PV and PA, respectively. The left panel shows the images at the contact point level, and the right panel shows the distances between the contact points and the PV orifice. The black dot represents the contact point, the white line represents the cross-section of the PV orifice, and the black line represents the distances between the contact point and the PV orifice. AO, aorta; LV, left ventricle; LA, left atrium; LPA, left PA; RPA, right PA; RSPV, right superior PV; RIPV, right inferior PV; LSPV, left superior PV; LIPV, left inferior PV

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  Fig. 6. Distances from the nine points on the left atrial (LA) roof to the adjacent bronchus and pulmonary artery (PA). a–c Shortest spatial distances from the right, middle, and left points on the anterior, middle, and posterior layers of the LA roof to the adjacent bronchi, respectively. d–f Shortest spatial distances from the right, middle, and left points on the anterior, middle, and posterior layers of the LA roof to the adjacent PA, respectively. The black dots represent the distance closer to the right bronchus or PA, and the red dots represent the distance closer to the left bronchus or PA. The dotted line denotes the distance of 5 mm

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  Fig. 7. Distances from the pulmonary vein (PV) orifice to the bronchi and pulmonary arteries (PAs). a Shortest spatial distances between the four PV orifices and the bronchial tree. b Shortest spatial distance between the four PV orifices and the PAs. The black dots indicate the distance from the PV orifice to the right bronchus or right PA, and the red dots indicate the distance from the PV orifice to the left bronchus or left PA. The dotted line denotes the distance of 5 mm

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  Fig. 8. Distances from the pulmonary vein (PV) orifices to the contact points between the PV and the adjacent bronchus or PA. a Distances from the PV orifices to the contact points between the PV and bronchus. b Distances from the PV orifices to the contact points between the PV and PA