Ventricular-Vascular Uncoupling in Heart Failure: Effects of Arterial Baroreflex-Induced Sympathoexcitation at Rest and During Exercise

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. One-minute averaged hemodynamics at rest and at rest with baroreceptor unloading via bilateral carotid occlusion (BCO) before (white bars) and after induction of heart failure (grey bars). Data are reported as mean with errors bars depicting the standard error of the mean. Actual observed data points are overlain on corresponding bar graphs. Statistical significance against the previous exercise workload depicted as *p < 0.05 and significant against previous state at the same workload depicted as † where p < 0.05. (N = 5).

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  FIGURE 2. Relative change in hemodynamic variables between rest and rest with baroreceptor unloading via bilateral carotid occlusion in control (white bars) and after induction of heart failure (grey bars). Data reported as means with errors bars depicting the standard error of the mean. Observed data points are overlain on corresponding bar graphs. Statistical significance depicted as † where p < 0.05. (N = 5).

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  FIGURE 3. One-minute averaged hemodynamics at rest, exercise, and exercise with baroreceptor unloading via bilateral carotid occlusion (BCO), before (white bars) and after induction of heart failure (grey bars). Data are reported as means with error bars depicting the standard error of the mean. Actual observed data points are overlain on corresponding bar graphs. Statistical significance against the previous exercise workload depicted as *p < 0.05 and significant against previous state at the same workload depicted as † where p < 0.05. (N = 5).

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  FIGURE 4. Relative change in hemodynamic variables between exercise and exercise with baroreceptor unloading via bilateral carotid occlusion in control (white bars) and after induction of heart failure (grey bars). Data reported as means with errors bars depicting the standard error of the mean. Observed data points are overlain on corresponding bar graphs. Statistical significance depicted as † where p < 0.05. (N = 5).