Why the study?
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in people living with HIV on cART, but the etiopathology and respective contributions of viral infection versus cART, particularly regarding sex differences, remain ill-defined.
Endothelial dysfunction driven by HIV and cART is a key mechanism for increased CVD risk in this population, highlighting the need for targeted prevention, especially in women.
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May warrant closer CVD surveillance in women with HIV; leaves open optimal prevention strategies pending interventional data.
Thanks to the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) experienced a marked increase in life expectancy but are now at higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), the current leading cause of death in PLWH on cART. Although HIV preponderantly affects men over women, manifestations of HIV-related CVD differ by sex with women experiencing greater risks than men. Despite extensive investigation, the etiopathology of CVD, notably the respective contribution of viral infection and cART, remain ill-defined. However, both viral infection and cART have been reported to contribute to endothelial dysfunction, the precursor and major cause of atherosclerosis-associated CVD, through mechanisms involving endothelial cell activation, inflammation, and oxidative stress, all leading to reduced nitric oxide bioavailability. Therefore, preserving endothelial function in PLWH on cART should be a main target to reduce CVD morbidity and mortality, notably in females.
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Kovács et al. (2022) studied this question.
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