Cheating as a function of the labeling of natural arousal.

One hundred and five college freshmen were given one of two different side-effects lists associated with a placebo pill. In a “second” experiment, subjects experienced failure on a vocabulary test, supposedly predictive of college success, and received an opportunity to cheat on the test by changing answers. Although it was anticipated that all subjects who considered cheating would experience some arousal, it was predicted that those subjects told to expect drug-induced side effects related to sympathetic arousal would not label their experienced arousal as fear or guilt, and would cheat more than the subjects who anticipated benign side effects. Of the subjects expecting arousal side effects, 49% cheated, as compared with 27% of the control subjects (p < .025). Sex differences and implications for theoretical approaches to emotion and conscience are discussed.