AI-enabled detection of QRS fragmentation from 12-lead electrocardiogram and its clinical relevance for predicting malignant arrhythmia onset

Background Electrocardiographic markers differentiating between death caused by ventricular arrhythmias and non-arrhythmic death could improve the selection of patients for implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation. QRS fragmentation (fQRS) is a parameter of interest, but subject to debate. We investigated the association of an automatically quantified probability of fragmentation with the outcome in ICD patients. Methods From a single-center retrospective registry, all patients implanted with an ICD between January 1996 and December 2018 were eligible for inclusion. Patients with active pacing were excluded. From the electronical medical record, clinical characteristics at implantation were collected and a 12-lead ECG was exported and analyzed by a previously validated machine-learning algorithm to quantify the probability of fQRS. To compare fQRS(+) and fQRS(−) patients, dichotomization was performed using the Youden index. Patients with a high probability of fragmentation in any region (anterior, inferior or lateral), were labeled fQRS(+). The impact of this fQRS probability on outcomes was investigated using Cox regression. Results A total of 1,242 patients with a mean age of 62.6 ± 11.5 years and a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction of 31 ± 12% were included of which 227 (18.3%) were female. The vast majority suffered from ischemic heart disease (64.3%) and were implanted in primary prevention (63.8%). 538 (43.3%) had a high probability of fragmentation in any region. Patients with a high probability of fragmentation had more frequently dilated cardiomyopathy (39.4% vs. 33.0%, p = 0.019), left bundle branch block (40.8% vs. 32.5%, p = 0.006) and a higher use of cardiac resynchronization therapy with defibrillator (CRT-D) devices (33.9% vs. 26.3%, p = 0.004). After adjustment in a multivariable Cox model, there was no significant association between the probability of global or regional fQRS and appropriate ICD therapy, inappropriate shock and short- or long-term mortality. Conclusion There was no association between the automatically quantified probability of the presence of fQRS and outcome. This lack of predictive value might be due to the algorithm used, which identifies only the presence but not the severity of fragmentation.