Measurements on square and circular plates in turbulent flow show the mean base pressure to be considerably lower than that measured in smooth flow. Power spectral density measurements of the fluctuating component of the drag on square plates in both smooth and turbulent flow are presented. The measurements in turbulent flow show the importance of the ratio of turbulence scale to plate size. There is shown to be a strong correlation between the fluctuating drag force and the velocity fluctuations in the approaching flow. The distortion of the turbulence structure approaching a plate is also discussed.
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Peter Bearman (1971) studied this question.