The dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota associated with isolated tricuspid valve regurgitation

Figures

• 

  Fig. 1. A total of 134 genera were shared between the healthy and TR groups, while 21 and 24 genera were uniquely detected in the healthy and TR groups, respectively (A). (B) displays the top 10 most abundant phyla across the groups, while (C), (D), and (E) illustrate the top 10 taxa at the family, genus, and species levels, respectively. Taxa not ranked among the top 10 were collectively categorized as “Others,” representing the sum of their relative abundances

• 

  Fig. 2. Comparison of gut microbiota alpha diversity between the TR and Normal groups was assessed using the Chao1 index (A), ACE index (B), and Shannon index (C) at the species level. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05

• 

  Fig. 3. Beta diversity was compared between the TR and Normal groups using NMDS analysis. (A) phylum level, (B) family level, (C) genus level, and (D) species level

• 

  Fig. 4. Differences in fecal microbiota composition between the TR and Normal groups, as determined by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size analysis (LDA > 2.0, p < 0.05). (A) From domain to family level; (B) From domain to genus level; (C) From domain to species level

• 

  Fig. 5. Indicator analysis further identified 9 bacterial genera (A) and 2 bacterial species (B) as potential biomarkers distinguishing the TR group from the control group (median relative abundance > 0.1%, p < 0.05)

• 

  Fig. 6. The correlations between indicative bacterial genera and clinical features were analyzed using Pearson correlation. Significant associations (p < 0.05) are highlighted in the figure (Fig. 6A–F). Lactobacillus showed significant positive correlations with SII(A) and CKMB(B). Veillonella was also positively correlated with SII(C). Megasphaera micronuciformis demonstrated a positive association with ALT(D). Ruminococcus was negatively correlated with both the tricuspid regurgitation area (E) and the right atrial vertical diameter (F)

• 

  Fig. 7. We performed STAMP analysis to explore differences in predicted functional pathways of the intestinal microbiota between the two groups

• 

  Fig. 8. Functional pathway predictions at KEGG level 3, generated by PICRUSt2, indicated that TR patients had elevated activity in pathways related to D-arginine and D-ornithine metabolism (A) and Staphylococcus aureus infection (B)

• 

  Fig. 9. The heatmap illustrates the correlation between differential gut microbiota species and metabolic pathways. The color gradient represents the strength and direction of these correlations, with the red areas indicating positive correlations and blue areas representing negative correlations. The asterisks (*) suggest that the correlation is statistically significant, with a p-value of ≤ 0.05