Prospective Study of Effects of Endogenous Estrogens on Myocardial No‐Reflow Risk in Postmenopausal Women with Acute Myocardial Infarction

The relationship between endogenous estrogens and cardiovascular disease in menopausal women remains poorly understood. Studies examining the relationship have yielded conflicting results. Therefore, we performed this study to prospectively assess the effects of endogenous estrogen on the risk of myocardial no-reflow in postmenopausal women with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Consecutive 100 postmenopausal women diagnosed with STEMI and who had undergone emergence percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were included in this study. Blood samples were obtained before PCI and assayed for endogenous sex hormones. Logistic regression models were developed with adjustment for confounders. Compared with normal-reflow group, the circulating levels of estrone, estradiol, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), and hypersensitive C-reaction protein (Hs-CRP) were significantly higher in the no-reflow group (P < 0.05). In univariable logistic regression models, lesion length, reference luminal diameter, thrombus score ≥ 4, and the levels of estrone, estradiol, and SHBG were all found to be positively associated with the risk of no-reflow (P < 0.05). After adjusting for these factors, thrombus score ≥ 4 (OR = 4.994, CI 1.987-10.518; P = 0.035), SHBG (OR = 0.800, CI 0.341-0.983; P = 0.047), and estradiol levels (OR 4.091, CI 1.105-8.582; P = 0.046) continued to demonstrate strong positive associations with the risk of no-reflow. Our data showed that high circulating levels of endogenous estrogens have a positive and statistically significant relationship with no-reflow in postmenopausal women with STEMI. It has been suggested that estrogens may have a potential detrimental effect on myocardial no-reflow. However, our results need to be confirmed in a larger population.