Cardiometabolic risk and structural brain development in a large community-based U.S. cohort

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Sample age and sex distribution at timepoint 1, 2, and 3 (year two, four, and six) of the ABCD Study.

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  Figure 2.. Associations between CMRs and global brain structure. The figure shows posterior distributions of the estimates of the standardised coefficient. Estimates for each CMR feature on cortical thickness (panel A) and surface area (panel B), fractional anisotropy (panel C), and mean diffusivity (panel D). Colour scale follows the directionality of evidence, with positive (blue) values indicating evidence in favour of positive associations (i.e., higher CMR and higher brain measure) and negative (green) values indicating evidence in favour of negative associations (i.e., higher CMR and lower brain measure). The width of the distribution represents the uncertainty of the parameter estimates. Systolic BP: systolic blood pressure; Diastolic BP: diastolic blood pressure; Heart rate: heart rate; HDL cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Haemoglobin A1c: HbA1c; BMI: body-mass index; WC: waist circumference; TP: timepoint.

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  Figure 3.. Within-person change-score associations between CMRs and global brain structure. Posterior distributions of the standardised coefficients from the change-score model Δbrain ~ 0 + ΔCMR + ΔAge + (1|ID), testing whether wave-to-wave changes in cardiometabolic risk track contemporaneous changes in (A) cortical thickness, (B) surface area, (C) fractional anisotropy, and (D) mean diffusivity. Colour indicates direction (blue = positive; green = negative); distribution width reflects uncertainty. Coefficients are interpreted as within-child effects after differencing out time-invariant confounds. Abbreviations as in Figure 2.

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  Figure 4.. Lagged prospective associations between baseline CMRs and next-wave global brain structure. Posterior distributions of the standardised coefficients from the lagged model brain t+1 ~ CMR t + brain t + covariates + (1|ID), estimating the incremental prediction of cardiometabolic status at time t for (A) cortical thickness, (B) surface area, (C) fractional anisotropy, and (D) mean diffusivity at time t + 1, conditional on the prior brain measure. Colour indicates direction (blue = positive; green = negative); distribution width reflects uncertainty. Abbreviations as in Figure 2.