Personal Space Requirements in IndoorVersusOutdoor Locations

Summary The personal space requirements of 96 undergraduates were measured under indoor (vacant room) and outdoor (empty soccer field) conditions. Two male and two female S s were tested by 24 undergraduate Es; the stop-distance technique was used for both conditions. There was a significant difference between the personal space distances in the two locations. Interpersonal closeness produced less discomfort in open spaces than in vertically restricted areas. These results support a spheroid model in which personal space extends in vertical as well as horizontal directions.