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Generation of high-quality drive paths is a significant issue for automated wheeled vehicles. To achieve this aim for a truck and trailer vehicle, the paper proposes the use of a parameterized curve primitive, the ⁴ -spline. Using this spline, generation and shaping of smooth feasible paths is made possible as well as the transfer between arbitrary dynamic configurations of the articulated vehicle. The ⁴ -spline is a ninth-order polynomial curve that can interpolate given Cartesian points with associated arbitrary unit tangent vector, curvature, and first and second derivatives of curvature. It depends on a set of eight (eta) parameters that can be freely chosen to modify the path shape without changing the interpolations conditions at the path endpoints. Completeness, minimality, and symmetry of the ⁴ -spline are established. An example on a parking maneuver of the articulated vehicle is presented and the pertinent optimal path planning is also discussed.
Ghilardelli et al. (Mon,) studied this question.