Graphene membranes for water desalination

Extensive environmental pollution caused by worldwide industrialization and population growth has led to a water shortage. This problem lowers the quality of human life and wastes a large amount of money worldwide each year due to the related consequences. One main solution for this challenge is water purification. State-of-the-art water purification necessitates the implementation of novel materials and technologies that are cost and energy efficient. In this regard, graphene nanomaterials, with their unique physicochemical properties, are an optimum choice. These materials offer extraordinarily high surface area, mechanical durability, atomic thickness, nanosized pores and reactivity toward polar and non-polar water pollutants. These characteristics impart high selectivity and water permeability, and thus provide excellent water purification efficiency. This review introduces the potential of graphene membranes for water desalination. Although literature reviews have mostly concerned graphene’s capability for the adsorption and photocatalysis of water pollutants, updated knowledge related to its sieving properties is quite limited. Water desalination plants stand to markedly reduce their energy consumption once nanoporous graphene-based membranes are optimized. Purifying brackish water with reverse osmosis works most efficiently when membranes are as thin, selective and strong as possible. Mady Elbahri from Aalto University in Finland reviews efforts to achieve these goals using graphene monolayers perforated with nanoscale pores. Recent roll-to-roll fabrications of graphene onto polymer supports show that inexpensive, large-scale production of these ultrathin membranes is feasible. It remains challenging, however, to tailor the nanochannels and selectivity of single-atom-thick material. An alternative may be to switch to multilayered graphene oxide membranes. These substances can be engineered with different molecular cross-linking agents between each carbon layer, opening room to insert negatively charged functional groups that target and electrostatically repel sodium ions. Graphene nanomaterials hold great promise for the development of advanced water purification membranes, especially for water desalination. Their atomic thickness, extraordinary mechanical stability and potential for size-selective transport are ideal features, encouraging the membrane scientist across the world to investigate their applicability for water desalination. Graphene can potentially desalinate water either as monolayer or as multilayer membranes. In this review, we discuss these different classes of graphene membranes and highlight their merits and shortcomings. In addition, the theory behind their performance is presented in detail.