Key result
Polymorphisms in genes involved in RAAS, inflammatory, oxidative stress, cytoprotective, and nitric oxide pathways significantly influence the susceptibility of patients with type 2 diabetes to develop diabetic nephropathy.
Why the study?
Not all patients with T2DM develop CKD, and familial and ethnic clustering of DN suggests a role for genetic determinants influencing susceptibility.
Genetic polymorphisms in RAAS, inflammatory, and oxidative stress pathways significantly influence the risk of developing diabetic nephropathy and vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
May inform genetic risk stratification in type 2 diabetes; leaves open prospective validation before clinical use.
It is well known that all patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) do not develop chronic kidney disease (CKD). Several metabolic, hemodynamic and intracellular mechanisms have been proposed to play role in the pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy (DN). Clustering of patients with DN in certain ethnic groups and families suggests the role of genetic factors. We have studied various facets about genetic determinants which may influence the development of kidney disease in patients with T2DM. We have found that Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) DD genotype conferred the maximum risk, whereas ACE II genotype seemed to confer protective role against development of diabetic and nondiabetic CKD. Further, we found that oxidative stress (OS) plays a significant role in the development of DN and that Glutathione S-transferase theta-1and/or Glutathione S-transferase Mu-1 null genotypes are associated with higher OS in patients with DN. In addition, we also found that increased levels of inflammatory mediators, i.e. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and Urinary Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (uMCP-1) play a significant role in contributing to OS. We have shown that genetic polymorphism of NF-kB gene and TNF-α gene plays a role in determining serum level of various inflammatory markers and oxidant stress parameters. We found significant association of -429T/C and Gly82Ser Receptors for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE) polymorphisms with the development of macrovascular and microvascular complications, respectively in T2DM subjects. Further, we have observed that AGE-mediated exacerbation of RAGE expression may play a role in pathogenesis of various vascular complications in T2DM. To conclude, polymorphisms of various genes involved in renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS), inflammatory, oxidant stress, cytoprotective and nitrous oxide pathways and enhanced RAGE mRNA expression may adversely influence final common pathway through oxidant stress mechanisms, and influence the levels of various cytokines and intracellular signaling mechanisms, thereby influencing the susceptibility of patients with diabetes mellitus for development of kidney disease and vascular complications.
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O P Kalra (2020) conducted a review in Diabetic Nephropathy. Genetic polymorphisms was evaluated. Polymorphisms in genes involved in RAAS, inflammatory, oxidative stress, cytoprotective, and nitric oxide pathways significantly influence the susceptibility of patients with type 2 diabetes to develop diabetic nephropathy.
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