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November 1, 2024BMJ OpenOpen Access

Primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases among women in a South Asian population: a descriptive study of modifiable risk factors

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Key result

Women present with ~67% lower baseline ASCVD risk scores than men despite prevalent risk factors.

  • P<0.001
  • n=535

Why the study?

The study aimed to assess modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors among women versus men presenting for primary prevention at a tertiary care cardiac centre in Pakistan.

Are there differences in modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and estimated ASCVD risk scores between women and men presenting for primary prevention?

Population

Female and male individuals with no history of ischaemic heart disease referred for primary prevention in Pakistan

Comparison

Women vs men

Design

Observational study using a prospectively collected ongoing registry

Follow-up

Median 49.5 (7.0-231) days

Authors

RRRubina RaufNational Institute of Cardiovascular DiseasesMKMuhammad Nauman KhanInstitute of Botany of the Slovak Academy of SciencesJSJawaid Akbar SialNational Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases

Discussion

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Member takes

Overview

Suggests ASCVD calculators may underestimate risk in women despite modifiable factors; leaves open need for sex-specific validation studies.

Study Design

Type

Observational (n=535)

Multicenter

No

Structured PICO

Are there differences in modifiable cardiovascular risk factors and estimated ASCVD risk scores between women and men presenting for primary prevention?

P
Population
Female and male individuals with no history of ischaemic heart disease presenting or referred to a preventive cardiology clinic for primary prevention (N~535).
C
Comparator
Men versus women
O
Outcome
CVD risk factors, estimated risk of CVD (ASCVD risk score), and glycaemic and cholesterol control at baseline and at subsequent follow-upssurrogate

Main Result

Absolute Event Rate: 2.25% vs 6.8%

p-value: p=<0.001

Women presenting for primary prevention have a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors but significantly lower calculated ASCVD risk scores compared to men, suggesting potential discrepancies in risk estimation or the contribution of non-modifiable factors.

Cite This Study

Rauf et al. (2024) conducted an observational in Cardiovascular disease primary prevention (n=535). Women vs. Men was evaluated on Baseline ASCVD risk score (p=<0.001). Women presenting for primary prevention had a significantly lower median baseline ASCVD risk score compared to men (2.25% vs 6.8%, p<0.001), despite a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a1c2044fc87fd06169d12fahttps://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-089149
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Also Consider

Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context:

  1. 1Burden of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and its risk factors among young and middle-aged adults in primary care clinics of Karachi, Pakistan2026
  2. 2Female‐friendly focus: 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease2019 · 25 citations
  3. 3Women and Cardiovascular Health: Unraveling Gender-Specific Factors, Risks, and Therapeutic Approaches in Contemporary Medicine2024
  4. 4Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adults Less than 40 Years of Age2022
  5. 5ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; TREND OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS IN WOMEN2016 · 1 citations