Climate Change Impacts on Tri-Trophic Predator–prey Model of the Interactions Between Wolves, Ungulates, and Plants

The model considers the interactions between wolves, ungulates, and plants in a three-level trophic system. Climate change is assumed to have an impact on plant growth, influencing the logistical aspects of plant development. In the absence of ungulate species and climate change, it is suggested that plants could grow logistically. Ungulates are assumed to consume plants and this consumption is influenced by climate change. Wolves are presumed to consume ungulates, and the rate of this consumption is believed to be influenced by global climate change. The study discusses the positivity, boundedness, and dissipativeness of the model, likely referring to the system’s behavior and stability. The stability of equilibrium points in the model is studied, both locally and globally. It is discovered that the populations of ungulates and wolves may go extinct due to the increase in global climate change. The presence of global warming or climate change and increased plant consumption by ungulates could lead to instability of the ecological system. Results from numerical simulations are presented, providing a practical illustration of the model’s behavior under different conditions.