Neuroprotective Effects and Metabolomics Study of Protopanaxatriol (PPT) on Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury In Vitro and In Vivo

Figures

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  Figure 1. (A) The impact of PPT on the viability of PC12 cells. (B–F) Effects of PPT on LDH, MDA, SOD, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels in OGD-P12 Cells. (n = 6); Compared with the control group, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001; compared with the model group, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.

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  Figure 2. Effect of PPT improves the ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. The results of neurological deficit score in different groups (A) (n = 6); the TTC staining and infraction rate of brain tissue in different dose groups (B,C) (n = 3). ### p < 0.001 vs. control. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. model group.

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  Figure 3. Effect of PPT on blood-brain barrier disruption (n = 3). The staining and content determination of Evans blue in different groups (A,B). The change in cerebral edema rate in different groups (C). ### p < 0.001 vs. sham. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 vs. model group.

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  Figure 4. Detection of brain tissue injury in different groups. The representative histopathological changes in different groups by HE staining and Nissl staining method (A,B), Scale bar = 100 µm (n = 3).

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  Figure 5. The result of the Elisa analysis. TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MDA, and SOD of the serum and brain in the different groups (A–E); NSE of serum in the different groups (F). ### p < 0.001 vs. sham. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. model group.

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  Figure 6. The metabolic profile of serum and brain are shown in PCA score (A), OPLS-DA score (B), permutations test plots (C), and OPLS-DA S-plots (D). “B” represents sham group; “M” represents model group.

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  Figure 7. Each biomarker’s concentration in the sham, model, and H-PPT groups’ serum (A) and brain (B). Data are presented as means ± SD (n = 6). Compared with control group, # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001; compared with model group, (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001).

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  Figure 8. (A) The heat map of biomarkers. (B) Effects of PPT on main metabolic pathways in UC. (C) The metabolic network between main biomarkers and metabolisms.