Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine (Dr Branas), Department of Criminology, School of Arts and Sciences (Dr MacDonald), and Urban Health Lab www.urbanhealthlab.org (Drs Branas and MacDonald), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Correspondence: Charles C. Branas, PhD, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Dr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 ([email protected]). This work was funded in part by the National Institutes of Health, grants R01AA020331 and R01AA016187. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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