Optimization Design of an Energy Storage-Electric Vehicle Collaborative Multi-energy Complementary Modular Energy Supply System for High Photovoltaic Penetration

The increasing penetration of photovoltaic (PV) generation has intensified the temporal mismatch between energy supply and demand in park-level energy systems. However, the coordinated planning value of energy storage and electric vehicles (EVs) in high-PV building clusters, especially the trade-off between system and user costs, remains insufficiently quantified. This study develops an optimization model for an energy storage–EV coordinated multi-energy complementary modular energy supply system considering PV output uncertainty. Typical days and multiple weather scenarios are used to describe PV variability, and a bi-objective framework is formulated to minimize the system net present cost (NPC) and EV user NPC while jointly optimizing equipment capacities and hourly operation. EVs are aggregated as a bidirectional virtual storage unit through vehicle-to-grid to enhance flexibility against PV fluctuations. A case study of a building cluster in western Inner Mongolia is conducted. The results show that the coordinated scenario improves regulation capability and PV utilization. The PV utilization rate reaches 99.51%, compared with 93.69% and 91.90% in two non-coordinated benchmarks. The system NPC is 33,856.71×104 ¥, which is 279.62×104 ¥ and 617.08×104 ¥ lower than the benchmarks, respectively. Carbon emissions are reduced by 14,903.05 t and 13,946.70 t.