This study evaluates the impacts of São Paulo's Sunday free-fare public transport policy implemented in 2023, examining its effects on urban mobility access, social inclusion, and environ mental sustainability. Using qualitative analysis of official city data, the research assesses how the policy influenced ridership patterns, particularly among low-income populations in peripheral ar eas. Results indicate the policy successfully increased public transport usage in underserved neigh borhoods, demonstrating its potential to reduce mobility inequalities. The fare-free initiative ena bled greater access to urban opportunities for vulnerable groups, promoting social inclusion. How ever, the study also reveals operational challenges, as existing infrastructure struggled to accommo date rising demand without service quality deterioration. While the policy contributed to modest reductions in private vehicle use, its environmental impact remained limited due to the constrained scope of Sundays-only implementation. Financial sustainability emerged as a critical concern, with the system's heavy reliance on fare revenue creating long-term viability challenges. The findings suggest that while free-fare policies can effectively enhance accessibility, their success depends on parallel improvements in transport capacity and alternative financing models. The study highlights the need for integrated approaches that combine social mobility objectives with systemic planning for sustainable urban transport. These insights contribute to broader discussions about equitable mobility solutions in large metropolitan areas.
Daroncho et al. (Thu,) studied this question.