Prognostic value of iron-metabolism biomarkers in critically ill patients with atrial fibrillation: a machine learning-based retrospective cohort study

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Patient screening flow from the MIMIC-IV database.

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  Figure 2.. The prognostic values of the iron-metabolism indicators. (A) The relationship between the iron-metabolism indicators at different levels and all-cause mortality, analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. (B) The Cox proportional hazard ratios for the iron-metabolism indicators. Adjusted for RBC, HGB, RDW, HCT, NLR, SOFA score, gender, age, hypertension, diabetes, heart failure, myocardial infarction, sepsis, AKI. (C) The restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis of iron-metabolism indicators with all-cause mortality. Adjusted for RBC, HGB, RDW and HCT. AKI: acute kidney injury, HCT: hematocrit, HGB: hemoglobin, NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; RBC: red blood cells, RDW: red blood cell distribution width, SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment; TIBC: total iron-binding capacity.

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  Figure 3.. Multi-model comparison and optimal model evaluation. (A) The predictive performance of multiple machine learning models for 1-year mortality prediction. (B) The diagnostic performance of the optimal GBDT model. (C) Feature attributions in SHAP analysis of the optimal GBDT model, where each line represents a feature, with SHAP values plotted on the x-axis. Red dots: higher values, blue dots: lower values. (D) Variable importance in SHAP analysis of the optimal GBDT model shown as bars, illustrating their contribution to the model predictions. (E) SHAP scores highlighting the predicted risk of 1-year all-cause mortality for an individual subject. ABL: Serum albumin, AKI: acute kidney injury, BUN: blood urea nitrogen, CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy, GBDT: gradient boosting decision trees, GNB: Gaussian naïve Bayes, MLP: multilayer perceptron, NPV: negative predictive value, PPV: positive predictive value, pCO2: partial pressure of carbon dioxide, RDW: red cell distribution width, RBC: red blood cells, SBP: systolic blood pressure, SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment, TIBC: total iron-binding capacity, WBC: white blood cells.