Cerebral vs. Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Figures

• 

  Figure 1. Cerebrovascular response to exercise in eight male type 2 diabetic patients without symptomatic cardio-vascular disease (closed circles) vs. seven age and gender matched healthy subjects (open circles) at the same absolute (left panels) and relative workload (right panels). (A) Cerebral blood flow derived from the Fick principle (CBFFick) from inverse arterial-jugular venous oxygen difference, (B) middle cerebral artery mean blood flow velocity (MCA Vmean), (C) cerebrovascular conductance index (CVCi), and (D) rating of perceived exertion (RPE; Borg scale). The patients demonstrated a decline in cerebral perfusion and oxygenation during incremental exercise associated with attenuated increases in cerebral and systemic vascular conductance compared with healthy controls. Cerebral oxygenation reached its lowest level at exhaustion at a 20% lower workload in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients than healthy controls and patients expressed a higher RPE than healthy controls. †p < 0.05 and ‡p < 0.01 vs. rest; *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs. control subjects. Values are mean ± SD (modified from Kim et al., 2015).

• 

  Figure 2. Middle cerebral artery mean blood flow velocity (MCA Vmean) at rest and during exercise at the same relative workload in young individuals (black circles), and in middle-aged subjects without (gray circles), and with type 2 diabetes (T2DM; open circles). During submaximal and during maximal exercise, cerebral perfusion was reduced in older individuals compared with young individuals, and the more so in the older diabetic patients. Values are mean ± SEM (adapted from Fisher et al., 2013; Kim et al., 2015).