Dimensions of globalization A fundamental transformation has begun in the way we perceive the world. What has often been presented as four centuries of 'normal science'2 in politics and international relations the Westphalian or realist understanding which posits a priori that the key actors in international relations are states (and, more recently, nation-states) is being challenged across a sufficiently wide range of empirical findings that theorists are attempting systematically to look for an alternative 'paradigm.' In recent years,
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Philip G. Cerny (1996) studied this question.
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