Computational prediction of the effects of the intra-aortic balloon pump on heart failure with valvular regurgitation using a 3D cardiac electromechanical model

Figures

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  Fig. 1. A schematic diagram of the finite element ventricular electromechanical model coupled with the model of IABP-implanted circulatory system with valvular insufficiency. In the figure, P RV denotes right ventricular pressure, V RV denotes right ventricular volume, P LV denotes left ventricular pressure, V LV denotes left ventricular volume, R PA denotes pulmonary artery resistance, C PA denotes pulmonary artery compliance, R PV denotes pulmonary vein resistance, C PV denotes pulmonary vein compliance, R MI denotes mitral valve resistance, C LA denotes left atrium compliance, R AO denotes aortic valve resistance, R SA denotes systemic artery resistance, C SA,IABP denotes IABP-implanted systemic artery compliance, R SV denotes systemic vein resistance, C SV denotes systemic vein compliance, R TR denotes tricuspid valve resistance, C RA denotes right atrium compliance, and R PU denotes pulmonary valve resistance

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  Fig. 2. The variation in aortic compliances according to the level of balloon inflation, which is classified with various scale factor (sf) ranging from 0.05 to 0.3 in increments of 0.05. The compliance profile of the thick line, with a sf corresponding to 0.2, was selected for this computation simulation

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  Fig. 3. Transmural distribution of membrane potentials and Ca2+ concentration with respect to time in sinus rhythm induced through the Purkinje network pathway

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  Fig. 4. Transmural distribution of myocardial contractile ATP consumption rate and tension and blood pressure in the LV, aorta, and LA under 10% AR and 10% MR conditions in the control and IABP therapy groups

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  Fig. 5. Pressure profiles of the left atrium, left ventricle, and systemic arteries under the condition of no valve regurgitation and varying severities of aortic regurgitation and mitral regurgitation in the no IABP group and IABP group

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  Fig. 6. Pressure–volume loops according to the severity of the AR and MR in the control and IABP therapy groups

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  Fig. 7. Regurgitant volumes and fractions vs. severity of regurgitation (a, b), stroke volume, and ejection fraction vs. regurgitant volume (c, d), in the AR and MR. Left ventricular stroke work (e) and ATP consumption rate (f) according to the severity of the AR and MR in the control and IABP therapy groups. In the figure, LV denotes the left ventricle, RV denotes the right ventricle, SV denotes the stroke volume, LVSW denotes the left ventricular stroke work, ATP denotes the contractile ATP consumption rate, and SV denotes the stroke volume