Effects of different enantiomers of amlodipine on lipid profiles and vasomotor factors in atherosclerotic rabbits

Figure 1. Plaques from the control group were observed under a light microscope at the 4th week. The models were successfully established.

Figure 2. Plaques from the control group were observed under a light microscope at the 8th week. The models were successfully established.

Figure 3. Effects of different enantiomers of amlodipine on the serum ET-1 levels in rabbits at baseline, the 4th week, and the 8th week. Data are presented as mean ± SD. p < 0.05 was considered a significant difference. Group A = high-fat diet alone (control group), group B = high-fat diet plus 2.5 mg/kg/day S-amlodipine, group C = high-fat diet plus 2.5 mg/kg/day R-amlodipine, and group D = high-fat diet plus 5 mg/kg/day racemic amlodipine. ET-1 = endothelin-1. * p > 0.05 compared with group A, # p < 0.01 compared with group A, and $ p < 0.01 compared with group B or C.

Figure 4. Effects of different enantiomers of amlodipine on serum iNOS levels in rabbits at baseline, the 4th week, and the 8th week. Data are presented as mean ± SD. p < 0.05 was considered a significant difference. Group A = high-fat diet alone (control group), group B = high-fat diet plus 2.5 mg/kg/day S-amlodipine, group C = high-fat diet plus 2.5 mg/kg/day R-amlodipine, and group D = high-fat diet plus 5 mg/kg/day racemic amlodipine. NO = nitric oxide. * p < 0.01, # p < 0.01, and $ p < 0.01 compared with group A.

Figure 5. Effects of different enantiomers of amlodipine on serum eNOS levels in rabbits at baseline, the 4th week, and the 8th week. Data are presented as mean ± SD. p < 0.05 was considered a significant difference. Group A = high-fat diet alone (control group), group B = high-fat diet plus 2.5 mg/kg/day S-amlodipine, group C = high-fat diet plus 2.5 mg/kg/day R-amlodipine, and group D = high-fat diet plus 5 mg/kg/day racemic amlodipine. iNOS = inducible nitric oxide synthase. * p < 0.01, # p < 0.01, and $ p < 0.01 compared with group A.

Figure 6. Effects of different enantiomers of amlodipine on serum NO levels in rabbits at baseline, the 4th week, and the 8th week. Data are presented as mean ± SD. p < 0.05 was considered a significant difference. Group A = high-fat diet alone (control group), group B = high-fat diet plus 2.5 mg/kg/day S-amlodipine, group C = high-fat diet plus 2.5 mg/kg/day R-amlodipine, and group D = high-fat diet plus 5 mg/kg/day racemic amlodipine. eNOS = endothelial nitric oxide synthase. * p > 0.05, # p > 0.05, and $ p > 0.05 compared with group A.