Electrocardiogram-based diagnosis of liver diseases: an externally validated and explainable machine learning approach

Background: Liver diseases present a significant global health challenge and often require costly, invasive diagnostics. Electrocardiography (ECG), a widely available and non-invasive tool, can enable the detection of liver disease by capturing cardiovascular-hepatic interactions. Methods: We trained tree-based machine learning models on ECG features to detect liver diseases using two large datasets: MIMIC-IV-ECG (467,729 patients, 2008-2019) and ECG-View II (775,535 patients, 1994-2013). The task was framed as binary classification, with performance evaluated via the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). To improve interpretability, we applied explainability methods to identify key predictive features. Findings: The models showed strong predictive performance with good generalizability. For example, AUROCs for alcoholic liver disease (K70) were 0.8025 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.8020-0.8035) internally and 0.7644 (95% CI, 0.7641-0.7649) externally; for hepatic failure (K72), scores were 0.7404 (95% CI, 0.7389-0.7415) and 0.7498 (95% CI, 0.7494-0.7509), respectively. The explainability analysis consistently identified age and prolonged QTc intervals (corrected QT, reflecting ventricular repolarization) as key predictors. Features linked to autonomic regulation and electrical conduction abnormalities were also prominent, supporting known cardiovascularliver connections and suggesting QTc as a potential biomarker. Interpretation: ECG-based machine learning offers a promising, interpretable approach for liver disease detection, particularly in resource-limited settings. By revealing clinically relevant biomarkers, this method supports non-invasive diagnostics, early detection, and risk stratification prior to targeted clinical assessments. Funding: This research received no external funding.