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• We provide the first evidence on income disparities by sex characteristics. • Our study uses a nationally representative sample of Chile’s adult population. • Intersex individuals face major household income penalties versus male endosex individuals. • Income disparities persist after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. We provide the first evidence on income disparities by sex characteristics using nationally representative data from Chile’s 2022–2023 National Survey on Health, Sexuality, and Gender. Our sample includes 530 intersex respondents, representing 2.77 % of Chile’s population aged 18–64 years. We find substantial household income penalties: on average, intersex female and intersex male individuals belong to households with incomes that are 28.1 log points and 27.9 log points lower than those of endosex male individuals, respectively. These disparities persist even after demographic characteristics, education, region, sexual orientation, and gender identity are controlled for.
Muñoz et al. (Tue,) studied this question.