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A New World assemblage of tetraploid Chenopodium species (section Chenopodium , subsection Cellulata) includes two domesticates, C. quinoa of Andean South America and C. nuttalliae of Mexico. Both have been combined into a single species and the Mexican form has been considered as a possible derivative of C. quinoa . The domesticates and related, sympatric weed forms, C. berlandieri of North America and C. hircinum of the Andes, were examined for variation in morphological and biochemical characteristics and also were included in a program of artificial hybridization. Results indicate that the domesticated forms are more closely related to their sympatric weeds than to each other. The Mexican cultigen is placed as a subspecies of C. berlandieri , the taxon from which it most likely evolved under human selection in North America. Possible origins for the Andean weed‐crop complex are considered. Southward migration of a North American tetraploid appears to be more likely than independent allotetraploidy in South America. Of the North American tetraploids examined, C. berlandieri var. zschackei of the western U.S. shows closest affinities to the Andean complex.
Wilson et al. (Thu,) studied this question.