Computational Modeling of Cardiovascular‐Induced Chest Vibrations: A Review and Practical Guide for Seismocardiography Simulation

Figures

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  FIGURE 1. (a) SCG signals of a healthy subject in 3 directions: X, Y, and Z are in the right to left, head‐to‐foot, and dorsoventral directions, respectively [3, 4]. (b) Placement of the sensor on the chest to measure triaxial SCG. The sensor shown in the figure can also measure ECG signals simultaneously. (c) Two types of accelerometers used in SCG measurement: Shimmer3 Ebio (ShimmerSensing, Ireland) and 356A32 (PCB Piezotronics, Depew, NY). (d) Dorsoventral SCG signals of a subject with valvular heart disease [10] and another subject during standard right heart catheterization (RHC) procedure [11] during one cardiac cycle (an ECG P–P interval).

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  FIGURE 2. The effect of chest soft tissue stiffness on the dorsoventral SCG waveform modeled at the 4th intercostal space [24].

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  FIGURE 3. (a) and (c) Modeled SCG distributions on the chest surface. (b) and (d) Accelerations beneath the chest muscle within the thoracic cavity [24].

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  FIGURE 4. An overview of the current SCG modeling studies.

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  FIGURE 5. Computationally modeled dorsoventral SCG maps at the timing of key fiducial points. (a) Mitral valve closure, MC. (b) Isovolumic contraction, IC. (c) Aortic valve opening, AO. (d) Aortic valve closure, AC. (e) Mitral valve opening, MO. (f) These fiducial points are labeled on the dorsoventral SCG signal measured at the 5th intercostal space. All measurements are in mm/s2 [24].

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  FIGURE 6. Overview of a sample image‐based patient‐specific FEM of SCG signals. The framework begins with the processing of MRI or CT scan images to reconstruct the 3D geometry of the heart and surrounding thoracic structures. Cardiac wall motion is then extracted using motion tracking algorithms like the Lucas–Kanade method [65, 66, 67]. This motion data is applied as input boundary conditions to the 3D geometry within the FEM solver. The final steps involve mesh generation and setting up the analysis parameters, ultimately allowing for the computation and analysis of chest surface acceleration.