Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Arrhythmogenic Substrates in Patients with Systemic Autoimmunity: An Update

Figures

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  Fig. 1.. Biventricular function assessment. Short axis SSFP for function assessment in a patient with systemic sclerosis and pulmonary hypertension. Dilation of the right ventricle with flattening of the interventricular septum due to pulmonary hypertension can be observed. SSFP, steady-state free precession.

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  Fig. 2.. Stress CMR perfusion. Adenosine stress perfusion CMR showing a perfusion defect in the inferolateral wall in a patient with systemic sclerosis and ventricular arrhythmias. CMR, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging.

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  Fig. 3.. CMR oedema evaluation using STIRT2. STIRT2 image with diffuse oedema (interventricular septum, anterior and inferior wall) in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus myocarditis and ventricular arrhythmias (T2 ratio = 4, normal values <2). STIRT2, short tau inversion recovery; CMR, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging.

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  Fig. 4.. CMR oedema evaluation using parametric imaging. T2 mapping in patient with polymyositis and ventricular arrhythmias (T2 mapping = 62 msec, normal values <50 msec). CMR, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging.

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  Fig. 5.. Replacement fibrosis evaluation using late gadolinium enhancement. Short axis with extensive late gadolinium enhancement (interventricular septum, anterior wall, inferior wall) in a patient with polymyositis and ventricular arrhythmias.

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  Fig. 6.. Scar characterization. Scar characterization using the ADAS software (v5.11, Galgo Medical, Barcelona, Spain) showing the presence of grey area and scar corridors. Cardiac scar is red, border zone is green-yellow and healthy tissue is blue.

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  Fig. 7.. Subendocardial diffuse fibrosis. Diffuse subendocardial late gadolinium enhancement in a patient with systemic sclerosis and ventricular arrhythmias.

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  Fig. 8.. Detection of microfibrosis using T1 mapping. T1 mapping in patient with polymyositis and ventricular arrhythmias (T1 map = 1400 ms, normal values <1250 ms).